![]() ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The mitochondrial haplotypes supporting the results of this article have been deposited on GenBank under accession numbers KX910738–KX910784, whereas the microsatellite datasets are available in the FigShare repository (entry DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4013079 and DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.4018740). Received: AugAccepted: JanuPublished: January 24, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Vila et al. PLoS ONE 12(1):Įditor: Tzen-Yuh Chiang, National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN (2017) Phylogeography and Conservation Genetics of the Ibero-Balearic Three-Spined Stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus). On the other hand, the reintroduction program implemented in the Valencian Community has mostly failed despite our finding of similar level of genetic diversity between the wild source and the captive-bred released individuals.Ĭitation: Vila M, Hermida M, Fernández C, Perea S, Doadrio I, Amaro R, et al. On the one hand, the analysis of a historical sample from Eastern Spain (Penyscola) revealed no genetic erosion, which suggests a fairly sudden extinction of that population. Genetic variation alone cannot, however, ensure the persistence of these peripheral southern populations of G. Maintenance of their connectivity, control of exotic species and monitoring of habitat properties are strongly recommended in those areas. The following basins should be prioritised by conservation policies in order to preserve those populations with the highest evolutionary potential: the Portuguese Vouga and Tagus as well as the Spanish Majorca and Limia. The nuclear results show, however, a strong correlation between population structure and drainage system. Their phylogeography suggests a history of multiple colonisations. The so-called Transatlantic, European and Mediterranean mitochondrial lineages were found to be present in the Ibero-Balearic region. An intraspecific phylogeny at European level was reconstructed using our data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (755 bp) and published sequences. We predicted the evolutionary potential of the different sites analysed based on the contribution of each of them to total allelic/mitochondrial diversity. We also sequenced 1,165 bp of the mitochondrial genome in 331 of those individuals in order to complement the estimates of genetic diversity in the Ibero-Balearic region. ![]() We genotyped 478 individuals from 17 sites at 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci to evaluate the genetic variability and differentiation of the Ibero-Balearic populations. aculeatus are unique or composed of any of the major evolutionary lineages previously identified and (ii) to assess the evolutionary potential of these peripheral populations. Our objectives were (i) to determine whether the Iberian populations of G. This teleost is a protected species in Portugal and Spain and local extinctions have been reported in both countries during the last decades. The Iberian populations of three-spined stickleback lie at the southwestern periphery of the European distribution of Gasterosteus aculeatus. Therefore, information about species genetic variability and population structure is invaluable for conservation managers. Genetic isolation and drift may imperil peripheral populations of wide-ranging species more than central ones. ![]()
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